Date of Award

2025

Document Type

Thesis

Department

Biology

Mentor

Dr. Meredith Rowe

Abstract

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone used both medically and illicitly for their muscle-building and performance-enhancing properties. While clinically prescribed for conditions like hypogonadism, osteoporosis, and muscle-wasting diseases, AAS are frequently abused by athletes and recreational lifters seeking rapid physical gains. AAS increase muscle protein synthesis via androgen receptor-mediated gene transcription, but they also predispose users to tendon ruptures and various organ functions. AAS abuse is strongly associated with a host of side effects including gynecomastia, male-pattern hair loss, infertility, hepatotoxicity, erythrocytosis, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypogonadism. Cardiovascular complications such as left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, and myocardial infarctions can occur, typically leading to death. Female abusers experience masculinizing effects including hirsutism and voice deepening. The psychological impacts of AAS include anxiety, depression, muscle dysmorphia, addiction, and possible structural brain changes caused by disruption of various neurological pathways. Side-effects such as prostate cancer in men, and seizures are speculated but further research and studies are required. Social media and bodybuilding culture contribute to the normalization and glamorization of AAS abuse, influencing young individuals to desire enhanced physiques. AAS can provide remarkable short-term physical transformations, the long-term risks to physical and mental health far outweigh the benefits. Comprehensive awareness and regulation are essential to mitigate the growing public health concerns surrounding non-therapeutic AAS abuse.

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