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  The Effect of Nutrient Intake by Collegiate Wrestlers Post-Weigh-in to Optimize Performance Intensity

  Jha’Quan Quan’Darius Anderson

  The present study used a quantitative experimental design with outcome measures of hydration levels, heart rate (HR) during the match, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) after the match, rate of perceived fatigue (RPF) after the match, and muscle glycogen levels. Participants were split into two groups, 10 starters from both schools to simulate a dual meet style matchup. Each group went through two testing sessions which the first session was weight measurements five days before competition to test for rapid weight loss (RWL) and the second testing session was weight measurements, urine analysis, HR, RPE, RPF, and muscle glycogen.

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  The Benefits of Physical Activity in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease

  Ciarra Ashworth, Jessica Vetter, and Danielle Burke

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  A Comparison of Functional Movement Screens between Genders for NCAA D1 Swimmers

  Ciarra Ashworth, Jessica Vetter, Steven LaFlamme, and Brady Fields

  A Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a way to analyze movement patterns and observe mobility and stability deficits. The FMS test consists of a deep squat, hurdle step, incline lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight-leg raise, trunk stability, and rotary stability movement patterns. The score of the FMS can range from 0-3, 0 being the lowest. In this study, researchers compared FMS scores between male and female, NCAA, D1, swimmers. According to Anderson et. al (2015), Healthy secondary school female athletes scored lower on the total composite than healthy secondary school male athletes. Females also scored lower on the following individual FMS tasks: inline lunge and trunk stability push-up. Healthy secondary school female athletes scored 14 or less on the FMS total composite score and significantly lower in general compared with healthy secondary school male athletes, which suggests these female athletes may be at higher risk for injury. Factors that may contribute to increased injury risk include deficits in mobility, core stabilization, and coordinated movement patterns. According to Johnson et. al (2021), there were significant differences between male and female athletes when analyzing the FMS scores. Females scored higher on the incline raise and active straight- leg raise, whereas males scored higher on the trunk stability pushup. However, there were no significant differences when comparing deep squat, shoulder mobility, hurdle step and rotary stability assessments. Research has shown that males scored higher on the incline lunge and trunk stability pushup, and females scored higher on flexibility. Considering the findings of Taylor et al (2019); Anderson et al. (2015); and Johnson et al. (2021), it is hypothesized that females would score higher on the Functional Movement Screening test (FMS) due to more optimal mobility in the shoulders, hips, and knees. The purpose of this study is to identify the physiological differences in flexibility, coordination, and stability among male and female swimmers.

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  Effects of Guided Imagery on the Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries

  Abby Atchley

  Purpose statement: This study aims at discovering if there will be effects on an athlete's strength, mobility, and mental state if guided imagery (GI) is used along with standardized rehabilitation of sports injuries. Hypothesis: This study hypothesizes that GI could be used to aid in the rehabilitation process of sports injures, allowing athletes to return from injury better prepared for the athletic performance.

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  The Effects of Cardio Warm Up (CW) and Dynamic Warm Up (DW) on Sprint Time in Trained Individuals

  Abby Atchley, Danielle Burke, Kayleigh Nicholson, and Paul Williams

  According to Sander et al., (2013) a warmup to increase sprint time should include nonspecific running, coordination exercises, stretching, and acceleration runs. According to Zhou et al., (2020), an investigation into multiple studies found that aspects such as arm motion, takeoff angle, standing posture, warm up exercises, and handheld weights improved sprint times. The purpose of this study was to determine how a dynamic warmup compared to a cardio warm up will improve sprint time in trained collegiate D-I athletes. It was hypothesized that with the addition of a broad jump at the end of a standardized dynamic warm up, that trained individuals will show an increased sprint time performance in a 20-yard sprint test compared to a cardio warm up.

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  The Effects of Dry Needling Combined with Conservative Treatment and Fitness on College-Aged Athletes with Rotator Cuff Pathology

  Reah Barger

  Rotator cuff injuries are one of the most common shoulder injuries in adults, making college athletes a high risk according to Athwal and Armstrong (2010).

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  Insulin Resistance and HbA1c Benefits for Adolescents and Adults Aged 18-70 with Type 1 Diabetes after Completing HIIT Programs

  Logan Barrett

  T1D is considered an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas is unable to produce insulin to balance blood glucose levels. Research has shown that type 1 diabetes is also the result of an autoimmune reaction that induces the destruction to the pancreatic betacells in the pancreas, which produce insulin (Rodbard, 2017). HIIT is a style of exercise that has gained popularity throughout the 2010s (Ito, 2019). HIIT involves a series of anaerobic exercises at high intensity levels (>80% of VO2 peak) (Lee, A., Johnson, N., McGill, M., & Overland, J., 2020).

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  Excessive Post- Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) Following a Twenty-Minute Submaximal Cycle Test

  Logan Barrett, Molly Montgomery, Kayleigh Nicholson, and Paul Williams

  According to McArdle et al. (2015), Excessive Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) computes the total oxygen consumed in recovery minus the total oxygen consumed at rest during the recovery period. According to McArdle et al. (2015), VO2 mL/kg/min is defined as maximal oxygen consumption. According to McArdle et al. (2015), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed under rest and steady-state conditions with little reliance on anaerobic metabolism. According to Dr. et al. (2004), EPOC is also known as O2 deficit and was used as a measure of anaerobic metabolism during exercise. According to McArdle et al. (2015), there are two forms that are used to help determine EPOC for exercise and recovery: active recovery and passive recovery. Active recovery is defined as ‘cooling down’ or ‘tapering off’ and passive recovery is where an individual usually lies down presuming that total inactivity reduces the resting energy requirements and thus ‘frees’ oxygen to fuel the recovery process (McArdle et al., 2015). During this study, the individual performed a passive recovery. V̇O2 is the maximal oxygen consumption that an individual utilizes during an intense exercise (McArdle et al., 2015). Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute which is based on the number of contractions of the ventricles. Pulmonary Ventilation (VE) describes the process of moving and exchanging ambient air with air in the lungs (McArdle et al., 2015). The purpose of this study was to determine if EPOC could be assessed in a 20–32-year-old college student 10 minutes after a sub max cycling test is performed. It was hypothesized that EPOC can be assessed 10 minutes after a submaximal cycle test is performed.

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  Detailed Analysis of The Pull-Up Exercise

  Lorenzo Bartolini

  The pull-up exercise has been used as a performance measure to assess physical fitness and muscular strength and endurance of the major muscles in the upper limb. The ability to successfully perform multiple repetitions of a pull-up is dependent upon a performer’s body mass, muscle strength, and movement style.

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  Functional Electrical Stimulation for Treatment of Drop Foot in Stroke Victims

  Rebecca Makenzie Beasley

  The purpose of this study was to observe how FES can improve the side effect of drop foot resulting from a stroke. It was hypothesized that FES can improve the side effect of drop foot caused by a stroke. This study was a randomized, quantitative experimental design study that consisted of two groups whose participants were recruited from local physical therapy clinics: FES group (10 participants) and control group (10 participants). Intervention occurred for six weeks, five days a week for one-hour sessions. Outcomes were measured by passive and active ROM along with pain levels. Limitations in this study are the small sample size and the inability for the study to remain blinded. Future studies on this topic with larger sample sizes would be beneficial.

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  Effects of a Specific Stretching Protocol for the Treatment of Achilles’ Tendon Chronic Pain caused by Muscle tendon’s Stiffness

  Massimo Borlina

  Purpose of the study The present study was aimed to investigate if a specific lower limb’s stretching protocol could benefit on Achilles’ tendon ( chronic pain caused by muscle tendon ( stiffness in NCAA D 1 men soccer players during the in season period Hypothesis It was hypothesized that a specific stretching protocol could benefit on D 1 men’s soccer players that have been experiencing AT’s chronic pain for the previous period of activity through the enhancement of superficial backline ( myofascial chain’s compliance levels Methods T wenty four NCAA D 1 men soccer players, from age 18 to 25 were included in the study and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n 12 and a control group (n 12 A 6 week stretching protocol with focus on the enhancement of lower limb’s posterior kinetic chain compliance levels was built for members of the experimental group.

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  Acute impact of barefoot running on running economy in recreational runners: A conceptual framework.

  Allyson Butts

  Barefoot (BF) running is associated with biomechanical alterations that improve performance by increasing running economy (RE). The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of acute BF running on RE in recreational runners. Participants (n = 20) completed treadmill trials in conventional running shoes (CRS) and BF at 60% and 80% of VO2max. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (p < 0.05) measured the effects of shoe condition on RE. Results were expected to reflect the speeddependent nature of RE, reduced shoe weight in the BF condition, individualized biomechanical and stride adjustments, and the physiological cost of task novelty. Future directions include expanding population, duration, and variable analysis.

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  Effects of caffeine consumpton on restng metabolic rate in college-aged females

  Allyson Butts, Olivia Crews, Peyton Ellis, and Baylee Short

  Over the past decade, the health industry has increasingly targeted young females with supplements and nutri8on products. Energy drinks such as Reign Inferno market themselves as “thermogenic fuel,” promising to increase caloric expenditure at rest. The primary ingredient of products like Reign Inferno is caffeine. According to Belza et al. (2009), caffeine exerts a thermogenic response that can cause acute increases in res8ng metabolic rate (RMR). Res8ng metabolic rate (RMR) is measured via indirect calorimetry, which uses measures of oxygen consump8on (VNO2) and carbon dioxide produc8on (VNCO2) to approximate caloric expenditure from oxida8ve metabolism. At rest, VNO2 should be approximately 3.5 milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of bodyweight per minute (mL/kg/min), or 1 MET. RMR is used to calculate res8ng energy expenditure (REE), the body’s energy needs expressed in kilocalories per day (kcal//day). According to McArdle et al. (2015), primary determinants of res8ng metabolic rate are age, gender, stature, total body mass, and fat free mass. Respiratory quo8ent (RQ) is calculated by dividing VNCO2 by VNO2. RQ reflects fuel usage at a cellular level. An RQ of 1.0 indicates carbohydrate usage, while an RQ of 7.0 indicates fat is the sole fuel source. This is due to faZy acids’ larger hydroge cotet, which requires more oxyge for complete breakdown (McArdle et al., 2015). Given that caffeine has a therogenic effect, the first objec8ve of this experiment was to test the claim of the energy drink Reign Inferno by analyzing its effects on res8ng energy expenditure and other metabolic variables, including VNO2, minute ven8la8on (VNE), RQ, and heart rate (HR). According to Nehlig (2018), regular caffeine drinkers develop tolerance to peripheral ac8ons of caffeine, such as its effects on hormonal responses and heart rate. Therefore, a secondary objec8ve of this study was to determine compare metabolic responses in females who regularly consume more than 300 mg of caffeine (caffeine group) to those who consume less than 300 mg of caffeine daily (non-caffeine group). It is hypothesized that inges8on of a bodyweightcorrected amount of Reign Inferno energy drink will elevate res8ng metabolic rate in college-aged females, but will have a greater effect on those who consume less than 300 mg of caffeine daily.

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  Comparison of Handgrip Strength and Endurance in Collegiate Male Athletes

  Allyson Butts, Danielle Norton, and Jasmine Jones

  According to Wang et al. (2018), handgrip strength is an indicator of overall strength and a predictor of strength outcomes. Handgrip strength reflects muscular strength as well as motor unit recruitment and coordination, and neuromuscular control. Elite and successful athletes tend to show greater handgrip strength in comparison to sub-elite and less successful counterparts (Fry et al., 2004; Cronin et al., 2017). This may be due to the sport-specific nature of neuromuscular adaptations (Shields et al., 1999). For men between the ages of 18 and 24, absolute dominant (D) handgrip strength averages 47.0 kg +/- 8.1 kg (Wang et al., 2018). The purpose of this study was to compare relative handgrip strength and endurance between college-aged males that participate in four different sports: CrossFit, Tennis, Swimming, and Soccer. It was hypothesized that both relative handgrip strength and endurance would be higher in grip-intensive sports (CrossFit and tennis) than in nongrip- intensive sports (swimming and soccer) due to training specificity. Further, it was hypothesized that tennis players would show the greatest difference between dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) hands

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  The Effects of Occupational Therapy For Damaged Hand Muscles in Females with Scleroderma

  Abby Callahan

  Scleroderma limits individuals in normal activities of daily living. Occupational therapy is recommended for individuals with scleroderma within the first few years of the disease. Studies have shown that occupational therapy is effective in individuals with scleroderma. Scleroderma or systemic sclerosis is a complex polygenetic disease that has 2 subtypes: Limited Affects individuals' muscles and how they functions, Diffuse Affects individuals’ internal organs (Shah, 2013). The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of occupational therapy in damaged hand muscles of females with scleroderma.

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  Pathology of Atrial Fibrillation and Methods for Testing and Prescribing Exercise

  Abby Callahan and Logan Barrett

  Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common arrhythmias which is diagnosed to nearly 450,000 Americans each year (CDC, 2021). Atrial fibrillation is a conduction defect of the atria and is often characterized as an irregular heart rate that often causes poor blood flow. Atrial fibrillation is commonly associated with very rapid and chaotic atrial depolarizations that result in an irregular and sometimes rapid response of the ventricles (Jacobs, 2018). This condition can potentially have no symptoms, but when symptoms do appear they can include shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations. Treatments of atrial fibrillation include blood thinners, minimally invasive surgery such as an ablation, and cardioversions which are electrical shocks.

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  The Effects Caffeine has on a 3-minute Rowing Test

  Abby Callahan, Molly Montgomery, and Logan Barrett

  Research question: Does a relative amount of caffeine (2 mg/kg) increase the distance 18-24-year-olds are able to row if implemented 1 hour prior to a 5-minute rowing test when compared to no caffeine? The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of caffeine on 5-minute rowing distance in 18–24-year-olds. According to Grgic et. al (2020), caffeine ingestion of doses of 6 mg/kg and 9 mg/kg significantly improved 2000-meter rowing ergometer by approximately 4 seconds (i.e., caffeine ingestions reduced the time needed to complete the distance). According to Del Coso et. al (2012), during this study the caffeine beverage was ingested 60 minutes prior to exercise and resulted in an increased maximal exercise by 4% when 6 mg/kg of caffeine was ingested compared to 1 mg/kg. Also, this study found that 6 mg/kg of caffeine ingestion improved knee extensor muscle strength and cycling power production because of a higher voluntary contraction (central effects). According to Gutierrez-Hellin et. al (2020), the group that exercised without the caffeine from ingesting the energy drink completed fewer reps compared to those who ingested 3-6 mg/kg of caffeine.

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  The Benefits of Exercise in Individuals with Type II Diabetes

  Alexi Card

  Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020). The development of Type 2 Diabetes is primarily caused by a combination of: Defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020). The inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond to insulin (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020). Type 2 diabetes is a disease of insulin resistance (Jacobs et al., 2018). According to Khan and colleagues (2019), in 2017 it was estimated that 462 million individuals globally are affected by type 2 diabetes or 6.28% of the world’s population. By 2035, it is estimated that there will be >590 million individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (Reed et al., 2021). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is greatest in African Americans Hispanic Americans (Jacobs et al., 2018). Medical therapy for type 2 diabetes is mostly used to improve insulin resistance, reduce liver secretion of glucose, and stimulate pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin (Jacobs et al., 2018). Lifestyle has been shown to be more effective in reducing the risk for developing type 2 diabetes (Jacobs et al., 2018). It takes up to 10 years for insulin resistance to progress to diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (Jacobs et al., 2018). Over 75% of type 2 diabetes cases are among obese, inactive adults (Jacobs et al., 2018)

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  The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phases on Muscular Strength and Endurance in Female Swimmers

  Alexi Card

  As female participation in athletics increase, the effects of the menstrual cycle phases are being brought to the surface level. The changing concentrations of estrogen and progesterone help determine the four phases of the menstrual cycle. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the menstrual cycle phases on muscular strength and endurance in female swimmers. The hypothesis was that the menstrual cycle will affect performance differently. With an increase in estrogen there will be increased performance while with an increase in progesterone there will be a decrease in performance. 20 female swimmers from various travel swim teams participated. Completed Counter-movement vertical jump test (CMJ) to measure muscle strength and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test (Yo-Yo IET) to measure muscle endurance.

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  Covid-19 Effect on Athletes and Non-Athletes Social Support

  Lakota Comeau, Leah Dye, and Taliyah Wade

  For the purposes of this class, a study had to be performed, a study is that of a detailed investigation and analysis of a subject or situation. The study done was to be able to understand the impacts that covid had on both athletes and non-athletes, a study was conducted to understand how each group was affected. The main idea was that there was less stress for athletes due to them having a team dynamic and more social interactions than non-athletes creating more of a stressful environment than those who had some sort of contact with others in a world that had to be distant and contactless. For this idea of a study there had to be an idea of what the group wanted to do and seeing as covid has had the biggest shock to all people around the work, but most people within the area of the study were college students, and what their levels were was important to find out much stress they were under during this time.

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  Success is in the Block

  Steven Couch

  According to Freitas-Junior and colleagues (2020) within a single set a player may perform a vertical jump (VJ) 32 plus times. Both Plyometrics and Ballistic training improve VJ performance (Wang et al., 2020; Jiménez-Reyes et al., 2017). According to Silva et al. (2014) and Rabaz et al. (2013) blocking is considered one volleyball actions that result in a game victory following a serve and a spike actions.

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  Body Composition Variables Correlation with Relative Handgrip Strength in Male Athletes Compared to Non-Athletes

  Olivia Crews, Baylee Short, and Steven Couch

  According to Franchini et al. (2018) absolute handgrip strength (HGS) increases within different weight classifications, whereas higher relative strength has been seen in light weight categories. The purpose of this study is to discover the extent to which lean muscle mass (LMM), fat free mass (FFM), age, and height correlate to HGS in student-athletes compared to non-student-athlete males. It is hypothesized that having a higher parameter in body mass, height, and FFM will result in a higher HGS in athletes than in non-athletes. It is secondly hypothesized that an increase in age will decrease absolute handgrip strength.

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  The Relationship between FFM and Vertical Jump in Male and Female Division One Collegiate Swimmers

  Brady Fields, Steven LaFlamme, and Steven Couch

  According to García-Ramos et al. (2016), the vertical jump is an essential factor that affects the push-off and start phases of the sport of swimming, which are crucial elements for improving stroke performance and efficiency. Explosive training strategies with resistance and light load work help improve power in the pushing motion. This may be done through plyometric training for out of the water workouts, or resistance training in the water (Makaruk et al., 2020). According to Sheppard et al. (2008), the vertical jump is considered a successful performance indicator in swimming. According to McArdle et al. (2015), the term body composition can be interchanged with the term fat-free mass or lean body mass. This is used to determine an individual’s overall health and lifestyle. It was seen that males have a lower body fat percentage, or fat free mass, than females (McArdle et al., 2015). According to Caia et al. (2016), it was found that body composition played a role in determining the vertical jump ability of athletes. In theory, less body fat composition would mean more muscle mass and stronger connection with muscular recruitment in the body (Caia et al., 2016). The purpose of this lab was to determine if body composition played a role in the ability to perform a vertical jump test among collegiate swimmers. It was hypothesized that a lower body fat percentage would lead to an overall higher vertical jump. Since males statistically have lower body fat percentages when compared to women, it can also be shown that males would have higher vertical jump values.

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  Exercise Prescription for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  Audrey Gun and Haley Church

  Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized as a chronic metabolic disorder resulting in hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency (Olokoba, et al. 2012). The process of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by a series of complications known as defective insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity (Galicia-Garcia, et al. 2020). Defective insulin secretion is the process in which adequate insulin secretion is not met after food consumption. This alone can lead to other issues such as increases levels of glucose. As insulin resistance progresses, pancreatic insulin-producing cells produce less insulin and eventually resulting in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The second complication, insulin sensitivity, is the process in which insulin-sensitive tissues respond to the release of insulin into the body (Jacobs, 2017). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is also diagnosed when an individual’s blood glucose levels exceed the normal range of 126mg/dL or their random blood glucose level exceeds 200mg/dL on two occasions. Exceeding a HbAlc of 6.5% can also pose a danger to individuals with this chronic disease (Smushkin & Vella, 2010). Approximately 29.1 million individuals in the United States alone have Type 2 diabetes mellitus with a prevalence of this chronic disease being greatest among African Americans and Hispanic Americans (Jacobs, 2017). Initial treatment for these 29.1 million Americans starts with focusing on lifestyle changes like nutritional habits and exercise interventions. Exercise interventions are extremely important in preventing the desensitization of skeletal muscle to insulin released by the pancreas. Skeletal muscle is essential for glucose uptake so when insulin resistance occurs and skeletal muscle becomes desensitized this process is disrupts the uptake of glucose along with the timing of the uptake (Merz & Thurmond, 2021). However, these lifestyle changes do not always help therefore pharmaceutical interventions are needed. An example of a pharmaceutical intervention can be seen using metformin. This drug stimulates the release of insulin by preventing the breakdown of GLP-1, while also inhibiting the release of glucose from the liver. This medication has also been known to improve insulin receptor sensitivity in muscle, liver, and adipocytes (Jacobs, 2017).

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  The Effects of 5K Distance Running on the Recovery of Female Breast Cancer Patients Post-Chemotherapy Aged 18-65

  Tanner Hendricks

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects that an aerobic form of exercise, such as a 5K distance run, had on the recovery of breast cancer patients after they had gone through chemotherapy. Hospitals were contacted and told to provide information regarding this study to their patients who were completing their last round of chemotherapy and being discharged. Out of all who were informed, 300 volunteered for participation. This group of 300 was split in half with 150 participants participating in the aerobic exercise and the other 150 continuing life without exercise intervention. Both groups filled out the CDC’s “Health Related Quality of Life” (CDC HRQOL) survey to track the improvement of their condition. The responses recorded within the surveys were used to track the recovery time and the decrease in side effects.